Investigation of the Impact of Peri-Implantitis Processes on Interleukin Profiles in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to verify the methodology for investigation of interleukin (IL) concentrations in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and to assess their correlation with clinical parameters, particularly bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD). Material and Methods: PICF was collected from 60 peri‐implantitis patients and 25 healthy volunteers to analyze IL levels in both groups. Sampling was conducted using sterile dental brushes, which were placed in the peri‐implant crevice for up to 10 s. The brushes were then stored in Eppendorf tubes containing 1mL of phosphate‐buffered saline and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. Samples were frozen at −80°C (193,15 K) for preservation. IL concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: The study found significantly elevated levels of IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐4, and IL‐10 in PI patients compared to healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between BOP and IL‐1α, IL‐6, and IL‐10, while PPD showed no significant relationship with IL levels. Among these, IL‐10 had the greatest influence on BOP, highlighting its dual role in reducing excessive inflammation and sustaining chronic immune responses through immune tolerance. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that IL‐1α, IL‐6, and IL‐10 levels in PICF are closely associated with the severity of peri‐implant inflammation. Among these cytokines, IL‐10 showed the strongest relationship with BOP, indicating its important role in the modulation of local immune activity. IL‐6 was also positively correlated with inflammatory severity, reflecting its involvement in sustaining the destructive processes within peri‐implant tissues. Overall, the obtained data suggest that IL‐6 and IL‐10 may serve as useful indicators of ongoing inflammatory activity in peri‐implantitis. However, their prognostic or diagnostic utility requires confirmation in longitudinal studies assessing temporal cytokine changes and treatment outcomes.